Practicalconsiderations:(Doing/Advising)实践研讨（能力等级3：应用/建议）Thissectionlooksatthepracticalconsiderationsthatshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenconsideringwhataccelerationmeasurestoadoptandhowtovaluethosemeasures.这一部分主要关注的是当考虑采取何种赶工措施及如何评估这些措施时，需要考虑的实践内容。3.1 Factors to consider when suggesting/agreeing acceleration measures3.1 建议或确认赶工措施时的考虑因素The measures referred to above should， in general， whether employed individually or collectively， accelerate the progress of works on a construction site but， as with most choices in life， there are potential downsides and these should be kept in mind.通常，像生活中的大多数选择一样，需要牢记于心得是，无论在一个建筑工地中选择单独采用一种或多种之前所述的赶工措施，都会有潜在的缺点。One general point， which applies to any acceleration measure， is that the changes must be focused on activities that are critical to completion. If the progress of a particular activity is expedited it will only bring forward the overall completion date if it is an activity that is on the critical path of the programme.最重要的一点是所采取的任何赶工措施必须是处于关键线路上的工作。如果需要赶工的工作处于关键线路，则该工作的及早完成将会导致整体完成日期的提前。 For example， if the critical path runs through the mechanical installation works， and the internal joinery works are not critical， any changes made to speed up the progress of the joinery works will not， in isolation， achieve the desired result of an earlier completion of the works. In this example， in order to accelerate completion， changes would have to be made to the mechanical installation works.例如，如果机电安装工程处于关键线路，而内装修工程处于非关键线路，则任何加快内装修工程的措施不可能实现及早完成工程的目的。这时，如果想及早完成工程，必须在机电安装工程上进行赶工。However， great care is needed when making decisions based on what appears to be the critical path of a construction programme. The identification of the critical path can be difficult， it may be subject to change and， at any one time， there may be more than one path that can be identified as being critical to completion.然而，在做出决定前必须非常留意的是，到底什么工作才处于关键线路。由于关键线路经常会改变，因此辨别关键线路也许是非常困难的，可能需要关注好几条关键线路。In the example referred to above， accelerating the mechanical installation works may remove it from the critical path and other activities will then become critical.按上例，加快了机电安装工程后，机电安装工程可能不在处于关键线路，但其他的工作可能又变成关键线路。It should also be borne in mind that， in order to survive in the commercially competitive environment of the construction industry， contractors will generally have to carry out their works using optimum levels of resources and adopting efficient procedures and methodologies. Therefore， by definition， any changes made to these resouces， procedures and methodologies are likely to create an imbalance or loss of efficiency.同样需要牢记于心得是，如果想要在建筑工业激烈的商业竞争环境下生存，承包商通常不得不想办法实现最佳的资源配置、获得最有效的工序和方案。因此，从概念上来说，任何对资源、工序、方案的变更都会产生资源配置的不平衡或效率的损失。When an acceleration agreement has been reached it is important that the parties make a careful and accurate record of progress achieved at the date when acceleration commences.当确认赶工协议后，在赶工开始前，参与方制定一个仔细和正确的赶工计划是非常重要的。Other specific factors to consider are explained below.以下是其他需要特别考虑的因素。3.1.1 Extended working hours3.1.1 额外工时As stated previously， the introduction of extended working hours will generally increase the rate of progress of works and enable completion to be achieved earlier than would otherwise have been the case but (a) the improved rate of progress will come at a cost and (b) the initial increase in the rate of progress may not be sustainable.综上所述，延长工作时间一般都会提高生产率，可以使完工时间相对于原始工期提前。但这种方式赶工则会增加投入，并且如此提高生产率是不可持续的。The increased cost of employing operatives for longer hours will be offset by the increase in production but it is likely that enhanced rates will have to be paid for overtime work， making the work undertaken relatively more costly to carry out， and it is likely that output will not rise in proportion to the increase in hours. This is because operatives will become increasingly tired the longer they work. For this reason， it is likely that the extra hours will produce only limited improvement in productivity and the level of improvement may decline after the first few weeks if supervisors and operatives become weary.延长工作时间会增加产出，但增加产出比例需要支付相应的加班费用，这使得同样的工作花费更多，并且产出与额外工时不成比例。这是因为长时间工作使工人更加疲倦。因此，额外工时仅对产出改善有限，并且如果施工员和工人变得更加疲倦，改善水平会在几个星期后迅速下降。In 2.1.1， it was suggested that shift working could be introduced to increase the total hours worked each day but this may not be allowed or may only be allowed subject to certain restrictions. Construction sites are generally very noisy and require high levels of illumination. Therefore， unless the site is a long way from residential areas and hotels， it may be difficult to obtain approval for working outside of normal working hours or approval may be so restrictive that it significantly reduces the impact of this acceleration measure.第2.1.1条建议的转移工作，可以用来增加每天的整体工作时间，但由于工作的专业性，这并不能广泛采用或仅仅在严格的限制下采用。Shift working may also lead to inconsistencies in the quality of work， with different supervisors and different operatives involved in each task， and it will certainly come at a high cost as operatives working at night and at weekends will generally require significantly enhanced rates of pay.转移工作还会导致工作质量的离散性，每项工作由不同的施工员和工人承担，并且在晚上或周末加班，一定会产生更高额的费用支出，这通常需要显著增加支付比例。3.1.2 Increased resources3.1.2 增加资源If progress is to be improved by increasing the level of supervision， labour， plant and materials， care must be taken to keep a correct balance between the resources. If the balance is lost there may be little or no improvement in progress. For example， if labour resources are increased disproportionately to the other resources there may be insufficient plant， materials and supervision on site and this may lead to standing time. There may also be a decline in the quality of works carried out.如果想要通过增加监管水平、设备、资源来改善进度，必须特别注意再资源投入间保持平衡。如果失去平衡，进度计划仅能够改善很少或完全没有改善。例如，如果人力资源与其他资源增加的比例不同，由于没有足够的设备、材料和工地监管资源，将不得不产生窝工时间。同时，工作产出的质量也有下降。It is also necessary to ensure that there are， and will be， sufficient work areas for the additional resources. If the resources are doubled， but the work areas only increase by 50 per cent， improvements in progress will be limited and the rate of increased output will not justify the level of increased costs incurred.同时必须确保的是，现场必须有足够的工作面来投入额外资源。如果资源投入加倍，而工作面仅增加50%，将会限制赶工效果，增加的产出比例将无法与投入增加水平对应。There is also the practical problem of work space to consider. If there are too many people trying to work in a limited space they will start to get in each other’s way and work will slow down rather than speed up.还必须考虑实际施工空间问题。如果大量的工人集中在一个局限的空间内工作，他们将会相互掣肘，工效将会降低而不是增加。These are not insurmountable problems but it is essential that decisions are fully thought through before being implemented. Otherwise， additional costs may be incurred without any benefits accruing.由于这些问题无法跨越，在确定及执行赶工决定前，必须通盘考虑这些问题。否则，赶工措施产生额外费用，但确没有任何工期改善。When considering increasing the level of resources it should also be borne in mind that more resources may mean more welfare facilities for operatives， more storage space for plant and materials and more office accommodation for supervisors.需要牢记于心的是，当考虑增加资源投入水平时，更多的资源意味着为工人提供更多的工具，更多的设备施工和材料周转空间，及为施工监管人员提供更多的办公和住宿空间。3.1.3 Alterations to the programme3.1.3 改变工序Altering the programme may， superficially， be the most attractive of the various measures available to parties when considering acceleration， because changing the programme is relatively easy and relatively inexpensive. However， this action is likely to be the least effective method of acceleration.在各方考虑赶工时，从表面上看，改变工序可能众多可选措施里面最具吸引力的了。因为，改变工序非常容易，成本也很低。然而，这一措施使赶工方案里面应用最少的。Contractors and professional advisers rarely adopt a sufficiently cautious approach to programming， with the result that most programme durations for construction works are optimistic and rely on all (or most) things going to plan. If this abundance of optimism is adopted or even exaggerated when looking for ways to accelerate the works， the expected improvements may well prove to be illusory. In practice， it is likely that the contractor has already calculated the most efficient programme for completing works because (a) this will generate the best financial return and (b) the contract period imposed by the employer is likely to be tight in any event.承包商和专业顾问很少采用一个充分谨慎的方法来编制进度计划，以此导致的结果是大多数计划工期对建筑工作的考虑都是乐观的，并且所有的（或绝大多数）工作都必须按计划进行。当想办法来赶工时，如果过度乐观或夸大措施结果，改善工期的期望将是虚幻的。实际上，承包商为完成工程已经计算了最有效率的工期计划，因为这将会带来最好的资金回报，并且在很多情况下，业主要求的合约工期非常紧迫。It was also suggested above that programme activities might be re-sequenced. The example given was to bring forward the application of the first coat of emulsion paint to walls. This may seem to be a good idea at the time but changing the sequence of work in this way may backfire. If work is carried out early it is more likely to be damaged by other trades leading to additional repairs being required. If damage is extensive the change in sequencing will come at additional cost but may produce no overall time benefits to the project at all.上述的方法建议，可以重新对工序进行排序。例如，提前在墙体表面涂刷第一层乳胶漆。这看起来是个加快工期的好办法，但如此改变工序可能适得其反。如果过早完成了这一工作，该涂层可能被其他工序破坏，这就导致了额外的修复工作。如果改变工序造成涂层破坏严重，这将带来更多的费用，但对整个项目来说，完全没有起到赶工的效果。Perhaps the only time that re-sequencing would be likely to produce significant benefits is if the original programme was flawed but， if that was the case， it is likely that the programme would be amended regardless of any conscious decisions being taken about acceleration.或许，如果原始计划存在严重缺陷，更改工序才能够获得显著的收益。如果这是实际情况，那么在任何赶工决定做出前，首先应该修改原始计划。The other change to the programme referred to was overlapping activities but this too may lead to more damage to works carried out， in which case there may ultimately be significant additional costs but little or no overall acceleration of the works. Such problems are not inevitable and may be entirely avoided by careful management and conscientious operatives but the risks should not be ignored.另外一个改变计划的方式是提前交叉施工，但这经常造成更多的已完工程损坏；在很多情况下，通常导致大量的额外费用，但仅有很少或完全没有实现赶工。这些问题也不是说无法避免的，在仔细管理、认真规划下，可能完全可以避免，但不能忽视这些风险。3.1.4 Introduction of temporary works3.1.4 临时措施The problem with temporary works measures such as weather sheeting or screens is that the sheets/screens may not be robust enough to keep out particularly bad weather， with the result that completed works may get badly damaged. This may cause delays rather than acceleration to the rate of progress due to the time required to carry out repairs.像防雨布这种临时措施一样存在问题，比如防雨布不能够有效的防御极端天气，由此可能导致已完工程的大量损坏。这种情况下，临时措施带来的不是缩短工期，而是延误工期，因为需要花费时间为进行修复。Alterations to scaffolding may increase the rate of progress of the works that rely upon that scaffold access but this will only bring about overall acceleration of the project if the rate of progress of other works is maintained or improved.如果脚手架更易搭设，则调整脚手架能够增加工作产出效率；如果其他工作的进度能够同样保持或改善，则调整脚手架能够改善工程整体进度。As with all measures， it would be necessary to weigh the cost against the potential benefits/ savings that these measures may produce. In some cases there may be design costs associated with the introduction of additional temporary works.对于所有这些措施，必须平衡好费用支出与施工措施能够产生的潜在的收益或节余。在一些情况下，引入额外的临时施工措施可能会产生相应的设计费。3.1.5 Working methods3.1.5 施工工艺Other measures， such as artificial lighting， may impact adversely upon the quality of the works carried out and dehumidifiers may cause shrinkage， leading to excessive cracking. Therefore， these measures must also be treated with caution.其他措施，如夜间照明，可能对工程施工质量造成不利影响。除湿机可能导致收缩，及大面积开裂。因此，需要谨慎的采取这些措施。3.1.6 Changes to the specification or design3.1.6 改变技术要求及设计The obvious drawback to changes to the specification or design is that the employer may end up with something it did not really want and may have to pay more for what amounts to its second choice.改变技术要求或设计的明显弊端是，业主可能枪毙一些他本来并不需要的东西，或可能不得不为第二种选择花费更多。Some changes to the specification or design may not be significant but， returning to the illustration given earlier， an employer who agrees to substitute bespoke joinery items with standard ‘off-the-shelf’ products， or who agrees to have a less intricate or complex design than planned， may regret settling for second best once the building is complete.一些更改技术要求或设计可能结果并不理想，按上面给出的表述，在同意采取“现成的”产品来代替定制产品后，或同意采取相对原设计更为简化的设计后，业主可能会在工程建成后感到后悔。It should also be borne in mind that the designer may charge additional fees for changing the design and changes to one part of the design may have an impact on other parts of the design. Therefore， care must be taken to ensure that the full implications of any changes are fully thought through.同时需要牢记的是，设计师可能因为更改设计或更改一部分设计引致其他部分的设计变更而要求补偿设计费。因此，必须要小心整体考虑任何变更引起的全局变化。3.1.7 Work scope changes3.1.7 变更工作范围Omitting significant items of works， so as to bring forward the date of handover， is rarely possible or practical.通过取消主要工作，来促使移交日期提前，通常是不太可能和现实的。Deferring work until after handover is not strictly accelerating the works and may lead to other problems. If operatives have to go back to a substantially completed building there is a risk of completed works and/or the employer’s furniture and fittings getting damaged or dirty. There will also be disruption to the occupants of the building， due to the noise and mess created by the works being carried out after ‘completion’.将工作安排在移交后施工并不算严格意义上的赶工，并且可能引起其他问题。如果工人不得不在已整体完工的建筑内进行施工，则业主的家具或者装修层可能会被破坏或污染。施工产生的噪音和混乱还可能导致已交付的建筑停止运营。If work is omitted altogether， the contractor may claim for loss of profit on those items.如果很多的工作都取消了，承包商可以就这些工作产生的损失提出索赔。3.2 Acceleration quotations3.2 赶工报价3.2.1 Basic costs3.2.1 基本费用None of the standard forms， or their guidance notes， suggest how a quotation for acceleration should be prepared by the contractor or assessed by the employer. Other than general requirements， such as including all loss and expense， there is no indication given as to what items should be included in the quotation or how those items should be priced.没有任何一个标准合同或相应的指导手册，指示承包商如何准备或业主如何接受一个赶工报价。除了一般要求，像说明了应包含所有的损失和费用，没有任何指示给出，报价应该包含什么或赶工措施如何定价。However， it is clear that， in order to prepare a quotation， a contractor will have to decide: (i) what it can achieve; (ii) how it can achieve it; and (iii) how much it will cost.然而，确定的是，为了准备报价，承包商需要决定以下方面：(1)需要实现什么；（2）如何实现；（3）需要花费多少。The decision of what can be achieved is likely to be made by the contractor’s construction or project manager， in conjunction with the site agent and， possibly， the site foremen and sub-contractors. The decision about how to achieve these aims is likely to be made by the construction/project manager and the contractor’s project quantity surveyor.The project quantity surveyor is likely to be the person responsible for applying costs and prices to the decisions made by management.需要实现什么的决定通常需要由承包商的工程或项目经理综合业主代表、施工员和分包意见后决定。如何实现的决定通常由工程或项目经理和承包商的工料测量师决定。在管理上，项目工料测量师通常是负责决定施工措施的花费和价格的人。The quantity surveyor should have little difficulty pricing the basic labour， plant and materials items， as this task is no different to pricing any other variation.工料测量师对普通工人工资、设备和材料项目的定价没有疑问，因为这些项目不会有多大变化。The project manager and quantity surveyor may have more difficulty estimating the amount to include for loss and expense， but it should be possible to come up with a reasonable estimate for items such as non-productive overtime， additional supervision and extra site accommodation， if required. The addition to these basic costs and loss and expense items for overheads and profit is likely to be a standard percentage used for all other variations.项目经理和工料测量师在估计损失和费用总价方面可能存在困难，但如果需要，还是有可能就无效加班、额外监管和额外工地住宿提出一个合理的估价。对于不同情况下在基本费用、损失和支出项目上产生的管理费和利润，可以通过一个标准的百分比来确认。3.2.2 Allowance for risk3.2.2 风险储备The main difficulty faced by the contractor when preparing an acceleration quotation is assessing and pricing the risk. Most experienced estimators have little difficulty assessing and pricing the ‘normal’ risk events associated with a project， such as adverse weather conditions， price rises or difficult ground conditions， but， subject to the risk allocation under the acceleration agreement， assessing the risk associated with acceleration quotations may be far more difficult.当承包商准备一个赶工报价时，面对的主要困难风险评估与定价。对项目“一般”风险评估与定价，大多数有经验的估价者都不存在困难，比如不良天气影响，物价上涨，或不利地质情况，但对应于赶工协议下的风险分配，结合赶工报价进行风险评估更加困难。For example， if the employer has asked the contractor to warrant that it will achieve an earlier completion date， and if the contractor is to carry the risk that it will receive no additional payment for the acceleration measures if it fails to complete early， it will have to include an allowance for taking such risks.例如，如果业主要求承包商保证可以实现赶工目标，并且如果承包商需要承担无法实现赶工目标就不能得到补偿的额外赶工措施费用风险时，赶工协议必须包含一笔风险费用。Exactly what factors a contractor would take into account when assessing risk will vary from project to project and the amount of the allowance will depend on commercial considerations and attitude to risk.确切的说，承包商在不同的项目中考虑的风险费用变化很大，风险费用依据商业考虑和对风险的态度来确定。If the risk allowance is itemised separately in the quotation it may appear to the employer to be profiteering， in which case the relationship between employer and contractor is likely to be damaged. However， a risk allowance is like an insurance premium – it may appear high until you need it. If all goes well and there are no costs to set against the risk allowance then it may appear that the contractor has made an unreasonably high return but if things do not go well the contractor may end up with significant additional unrecoverable costs.如果在赶工报价中逐项列出风险费用，可能让业主感到报价脱离实际，这种情况将损害业主与承包商的关系。然而，风险费用像一个保险溢价，在需要的时候，它就可能显示出重要性。如果所有的工作都进行的很顺利，没有产生用于相应的风险措施费用，那么承包商将获得无缘由的高额回报，但如果赶工进展的不顺利，承包商将因超高额外无补偿支出而破产。3.2.3 Lump sum or itemised quotations?3.2.3 总费用或分项费用If all the risk is to be placed on the contractor it may be better for a lump sum quotation to be provided， albeit this will make it difficult for the employer to assess the merits of the quotation. It may be that the employer is far less concerned about whether individual elements of the contractor’s quotation appear to be high and more about whether the money that can be saved by completing early justifies the money that will have to be spent on acceleration.如果承包商列出了所有的风险，那么对提供整体报价将会非常有利，即使这使得业主难以评估报价的优缺点。业主并不太关心是否承包商提供的每一部分的报价高低，而是关心赶工的支出要小于提早完成工程所节省的费用。If the employer wants as low a quotation as possible， and is prepared to accept the risk of failure to achieve an early completion date， it will be more important for a broken down price to be obtained from the contractor. This will allow the employer to see that the proposed measures are being undertaken and that the additional costs are being properly incurred.如果业主想要报价尽可能低，并能够接受无法顺利完成赶工目标的风险，那么将承包商提供的报价拆分就非常重要。这样业主可以了解到具体建议的赶工措施及额外的赶工费用是否发生。3.2.4 Assessments based on actual cost3.2.4 基于实际费用的评估Although the standard forms of contract envisage a quotation being provided before an acceleration agreement is made， the parties may agree to value acceleration measures on the basis of costs actually incurred. If that is the case then there may be some arguments as to whether a cost item has been incurred due to acceleration or some other reason but， in general， this method of valuation should prove no more difficult than other valuations prepared retrospectively based on actual costs incurred.尽管标准制式合同假定报价基于赶工协议达成前，参与方还可以基于实际发生的赶工费用进行评估。如果采用这种方法，通常仍然会产生费用支出是由于赶工还是由于其他原因而产生的争议，但这种评估方法证明并不比其他基于回顾实际产生费用的评估方法困难。If an assessment is to be made on the basis of actual cost the employer will not， of course， know the additional cost it will have to pay out until after the measures have been put in place and the costs expended. Therefore， in this case the employer will have to base its decision on an estimate of the likely (not the actual) cost of accelerating. If the estimate proves to be wrong， the decision to accelerate may also turn out to be wrong.当然，如果业主基于实际产生费用而进行评估，那么直到所有的措施已经到位及费用已经产生的时候就可以知道不得不支付的额外费用。因此，在这种情况下，业主不得不基于估计赶工费用（不是实际）进行决策。如果估计的赶工费用使错误的，赶工的决策也可能是错误的。3.3. Conclusions3.3 结论Decisions about acceleration will ultimately come down to a cost/benefit analysis. If an employer is faced with a potential additional cost of say £250，000， if the project is completed late， or with making a payment to a contractor of say £100，000， to accelerate and achieve early completion， the conclusions of the cost/benefit analysis will not be difficult to reach. However， in most cases decisions about acceleration will not be simple or straightforward.赶工决定最终将基于费用/收益分析。如果项目延误，业主需要承担潜在的额外支出，比如说25万镑，或支付承包商10万镑来赶工从而及早完工，这样的话，费用/收益分析很容易得出结论。然而，在绝大多数案例中，做出赶工决定并不这么简单和直接。As explained above， there are risks associated with acceleration measures. The most fundamental is that measures may be carried out and costs incurred but， due to unforeseen factors， the works are not completed early. As set out previously， there are many other risks for the contractor and employer， depending on which measures are adopted. It is the assessment of these risks that makes most decisions about acceleration difficult to make， particularly when the clock is ticking and a decision one way or the other is required urgently.综上所述，赶工措施伴随着风险。最基本的是，采取赶工措施已产生了额外费用，但因为不可预见的因素，工作并没有及早完成。承前所述，对承包商与业主来讲，采取不同的赶工措施会有不同的风险。赶工受风险评估影响经常难以立即做出决定，特别是时间一分一秒过去或其他非常紧急情况下，赶工的决定仍然遥遥无期时。When considering acceleration the following questions should be borne in mind:当考虑赶工时，以下问题需要牢记于胸：Does the contract allow for acceleration?合约是否允许赶工？Is a separate agreement required?是否需要一个补充协议？How can acceleration be achieved?如何实现赶工？Is the activity to be accelerated on the programme’s critical path?赶工工作是否处于工期计划的关键线路中。What is the total cost of acceleration?赶工的总花费是多少？What costs will be saved by achieving an earlier completion date?如果提前完工，会节省多少费用？What allowance should be made for risk?需要做多少风险储备？Is the contractor to warrant completion by an earlier date?承包商是否能对提前的工期做出保证？How is failure to achieve an earlier completion date to be dealt with?如何处理赶工失败问题？Once these questions have been answered， an informed decision can be taken as to whether or not to instruct acceleration.在回答完上述问题后，就可以对是否赶工做出一个非正式的决定。